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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1605 | - 16 May 1605—28 Jan 1621: Pope Paul V
Camillo Borghese, born on 17 September 1550 in Rome, Papal States
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| 2 | 1616 | - 1616—1620: New England infections epidemic
Affected Southern New England, British North America, especially the Wampanoag people, and killed an estimated 30% to 90% of specific populations.
Unknown source, possibly leptospirosis with Weil syndrome. Classic explanations include yellow fever, bubonic plague, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, typhus, and syndemic infection of hepatitis B and hepatitis D
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| 3 | 1621 | - 9 Feb 1621—8 Jul 1623: Pope Gergory XV
Alessandro Ludovisi, born on 9 January 1554 in Bologna, Papal States
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| 4 | 1623 | - 6 Aug 1623—29 Jul 1644: Pope Urban VIII
Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, born on 5 April 1568 in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
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| 5 | 1633 | - 1633—1634: Massachusetts smallpox epidemic
Made about 1,000 victims
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| 6 | 1634 | - 1634—1640: Wyandot People epidemic of infections
Killed between 15,000 and 25,000 Wyandot people of North America.
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| 7 | 1637 | - 1637—1637: London plague epidemic
Bubonic plague epidemic in London and Westminster, England - Killed about 10,000 people
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| 8 | 1644 | - 15 Sep 1644—7 Jan 1655: Pope Innocent X
Giovanni Battista Pamphili, born on 6 May 1574 in Rome, Papal States
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| 9 | 1655 | - 7 Apr 1655—22 May 1667: Pope Alexander VII
Fabio Chigi, born on 13 February 1599 in Siena, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
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| 10 | 1665 | - 1665—1666: Great Plague of London
Bubonic plague. Killed an estimated 100,000 individuals
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| 11 | 1667 | - 20 Jun 1667—9 Dec 1669: Pope Clement IX
Giulio Rospigliosi, born on 28 January 1600 in Pistoia, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
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| 12 | 1668 | - 1668—1668: France plague
Bubonic plague, killed 20,000 individuals.
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| 13 | 1670 | - 29 Apr 1670—22 Jul 1676: Pope Clement X
Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, born on 13 July 1590 in Rome, Papal States
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| 14 | 1676 | - 21 Sep 1676—12 Aug 1689: Pope Innocent XI
Benedetto Odescalchi, born on 16 May 1611 in Como, Duchy of Milan
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| 15 | 1677 | - 1677—1678: Boston smallpox epidemic
Smallpox epidemic that killed 750 to 1,000 residents of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, British North America
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| 16 | 1689 | - 3 Oct 1689—1 Feb 1691: Pope Alexander VIII
Pietro Vito Ottoboni, born on 22 April 1610 in Venice, Republic of Venice
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| 17 | 1691 | - 12 Jul 1691—27 Sep 1700: Pope Innocent XIII
Antonio Pignatelli, born on 13 March 1615 in Spinazzola, Kingdom of Naples
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| 18 | 1693 | - 1693—1693: Boston yellow fever epidemic
Killed 3,000 residents of Boston, Massachussetts.
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| 19 | 1699 | - 1699—1699: Charleston and Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic
Killed 300 in Charleston, 220 in Philadelphia.
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| 20 | 1700 | - 23 Nov 1700—19 Mar 1721: Pope Clement XI
Giovanni Francesco Albani, born on 23 July 1649 in Urbino, Papal States
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| 21 | 1702 | - 1702—1702: New York City yellow fever epidemic
Killed 500 residents of New York.
- 1702—1703: St. Lawrence Valley smallpox epidemic
Killed 300 settlers of New France along the Saint-Lawrence river valley.
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| 22 | 1713 | - 1713—1715: North America measles epidemic
Killed an unknow number of residents of the Thirteen Colonies and New France, Canada
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| 23 | 1720 | - 1720—1722: Great Plague of Marseille
Bubonic plague - over 100,000 dead in France.
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| 24 | 1721 | - 8 May 1721—7 Mar 1724: Pope Innocent XIII
Michelangelo dei Conti, born 13 May 1655 in Poli, Papal States
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| 25 | 1724 | - 29 May 1724—21 Feb 1730: Pope Benedict XIII
Pierfrancesco Orsini, O.P., born 2 February 1649 in Gravina in Puglia, Kingdom of Naples
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| 26 | 1730 | - 12 Jul 1730—6 Feb 1740: Pope Clement XII
Lorenzo Corsini, born 7 April 1652 in Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
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| 27 | 1732 | - 1732—1733: 1733 New France smallpox epidemic
An outbreak originating in Boston hit Louisbourg, on present-day Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. Nearly 200 people died, many of them children. The rest of New France also suffered from a smallpox epidemic during this time.
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| 28 | 1740 | - 17 Aug 1740—3 May 1758: Pope Benedict XIV
Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, born 31 March 1675 in Bologna, Papal States
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| 29 | 1755 | - 1755—1775: Smalpox epidemic
From 1755 to 1775, smallpox struck again. This epidemic even affected the Seven Years' War, derailing captain Vaudreuil's military plans to attack New England. Over 2,500 cases were reported in Québec City in the first two years, with a mortality rate approaching 20% of the city. The smallpox that ravaged the country during this two-year period is considered the worst smallpox epidemic in Canadian history.
Incredibly, smallpox may have been used as a biological weapon against Indigenous people in the 1760s. Correspondence uncovered between Jeffery Amherst, commander in chief of the British forces in North America and one of his colonels, discuss the tactic of giving contaminated blankets to the Indigenous. We don't know for certain that Amherst's directives were followed, but the outrage it caused in recent years was enough to see Amherst's name removed from a Montreal street. It is now called Atateken Street, meaning "brothers and sisters" in the Kanienʼkéha language.
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| 30 | 1758 | - 6 Jul 1758—2 Feb 1769: Pope Clement XIII
Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, born 7 March 1693 in Venice, Republic of Venice
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| 31 | 1769 | - 19 May 1769—22 Sep 1774: Pope Clement XIV
Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, O.F.M. Conv., born in 31 October 1705 Sant'
Arcangelo di Romagna, Papal States
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| 32 | 1775 | - 15 Feb 1775—29 Aug 1779: Pope Pius VI
Giovanni Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Antonio Braschi, born 25 December 1717 in Cesena, Papal States
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| 33 | 1789 | - 30 Apr 1789—4 Mar 1797: George Washington, US President
(1732–1799)
John Adams, VP
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| 34 | 1797 | - 4 Mar 1797—4 Mar 1801: John Adams, President, USA
(1735–1826)
Federalist - Thomas Jefferson, vice-president
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| 35 | 1800 | - 14 Mar 1800—20 Aug 1823: Pope Pius VII
Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, O.S.B., born 14 August 1742 in Cesena, Papal States
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| 36 | 1801 | - 4 Mar 1801—4 Mar 1809: Thomas Jefferson, US President
(1743–1826)
Democratic-Republican
Aaron Burr, VP (1801-1804); George Clinton, VP (1804-1809)
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| 37 | 1809 | - 4 Mar 1809—4 Mar 1817: James Madison, US President
(1751–1836)
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| 38 | 1817 | - 4 Mar 1817—4 Mar 1825: James Monroe, US President
(1758–1831)
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| 39 | 1823 | - 28 Sep 1823—10 Feb 1829: Pope Leo XII
Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiorre Girolamo Nicola della Genga, born 22 August 1760 in Genga, Papal States
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| 40 | 1825 | - 4 Mar 1825—4 Mar 1829: John Quincy Adams, US Prresident
(1767–1848)
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| 41 | 1829 | - 4 Mar 1829—4 Mar 1837: Andrew Jackson, US President
(1767–1845)
- 31 Mar 1829—30 Nov 1830: Pope Pius VIII
Francesco Saverio Maria Felice Castiglioni, born on 20 November 1761 in Cingoli, Papal States
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| 42 | 1831 | - 2 Feb 1831—1 Jun 1846: Pope Gregory XVI
Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari, O.S.B. Cam., born on 18 September 1765 Belluno, Republic of Venice
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| 43 | 1837 | - 4 Mar 1837—4 Mar 1841: Martin Van Buren, US President
(1782–1862)
President Van Buren is known for being at the origin of the expression "OK".
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| 44 | 1841 | - 4 Mar 1841—4 Apr 1841: William Henry Harrison, US President
(1773–1841)
- 4 Apr 1841—4 Mar 1845: John Tyler, US President
(1790–1862)
There was no VP during Tyler's presidency
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| 45 | 1845 | - 4 Mar 1845—4 Mar 1849: James K. Polk, US President
(1795–1849)
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| 46 | 1846 | - 16 Jun 1846—7 Feb 1878: Pope Pius IX
Giovanni Maria Battista Pietro Pellegrino Isidoro Mastai-Ferretti, born 13 May 1792 in Senigallia, then a Papal State.
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| 47 | 1847 | - 1847—1848: 1847 North American typhus epidemic
Over 20,000 know victims
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| 48 | 1849 | - 4 Mar 1849—9 Jul 1850: Zachary Taylor, US President
(1784–1850)
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| 49 | 1850 | - 9 Jul 1850—4 Mar 1853: Millard Fillmore, US President
(1800–1874)
No VP during Fillmore's presidency
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| 50 | 1852 | - 12 Feb 1852—9 Apr 1870: Napoleon III
Nephew of Napoleon I; elected as President of the French Republic in 1848, made himself Emperor of the French after a coup d'état. Captured by the German army on September 2, 1870; deposed in absentia following the proclamation of the Third Republic.[103]
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| 51 | 1853 | - 4 Mar 1853—4 Mar 1857: Franklin Pierce, US President
(1804–1869)
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| 52 | 1857 | - 4 Mar 1857—4 Mar 1861: James Buchanan, US President
(1791–1868)
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| 53 | 1861 | - 4 Mar 1861—15 Apr 1865: Abraham Lincoln, US President
(1809–1865)
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| 54 | 1865 | - 15 Apr 1865—4 Mar 1869: Andrew Johnson, US President
(1808–1875)
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| 55 | 1869 | - 4 Mar 1869—4 Mar 1877: Ulysses S. Grant, US President
(1822–1885)
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| 56 | 1877 | - 4 Mar 1877—4 Mar 1881: Rutherford B. Hayes, US President
(1822–1893)
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| 57 | 1878 | - 20 Feb 1878—20 Jul 1903: Pope Leo XIII
Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci, born 2 March 1810 Carpineto Romano, then part of the French Empire
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| 58 | 1881 | - 4 Mar 1881—19 Sep 1881: James A. Garfield, US President
(1831–1881)
- 19 Sep 1881—4 Mar 1885: Chester A. Arthur, US President
(1829–1886)
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| 59 | 1885 | - 1885—1885: 1885 Montreal smallpox epidemic
Over 3,000 deaths reported
- 4 Mar 1885—4 Mar 1889: Grover Cleveland, US President
(1837–1908)
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| 60 | 1889 | - 4 Mar 1889—4 Mar 1893: Benjamin Harrison, US President
(1833–1901)
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| 61 | 1893 | - 4 Mar 1893—4 Mar 1897: Grover Cleveland, US President
(1837–1908)
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| 62 | 1897 | - 4 Mar 1897—14 Sep 1901: William McKinley, US President
(1843–1901)
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| 63 | 1901 | - 14 Sep 1901—4 Mar 1909: Theodore Roosevelt, US President
(1858–1919)
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| 64 | 1903 | - 4 Aug 1903—20 Aug 1914: Pope Pius X
Giuseppe Melchiorre Cardinal Sarto, born 2 June 1835 in Riese, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, Austrian Empire
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| 65 | 1909 | - 4 Mar 1909—4 Mar 1913: William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) served as the 27th president of the United States from 1909 to 1913 and the tenth chief justice of the United States from 1921 to 1930. He is the only person to have held both offices.
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| 66 | 1913 | - 4 Mar 1913—4 Mar 1921: Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was the only Democrat to serve as president during the Progressive Era when Republicans dominated the presidency and legislative branches. As president, Wilson changed the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War I. He was the leading architect of the League of Nations, and his stance on foreign policy came to be known as Wilsonianism.
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| 67 | 1914 | - 3 Sep 1914—22 Jan 1922: Pope Benedict XV
Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Cardinal Battista della Chiesa, born 21 November 1854 in Pegli, Kingdom of Sardinia
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| 68 | 1918 | - 1 Mar 1918—1 Apr 1920: Spanish Flu Epidemic
The worldwide Spanish Flu epidemic killed at least 17 million people worldwide.
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| 69 | 1921 | - 4 Mar 1921—2 Aug 1923: Warren G. Harding
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923. A member of the Republican Party, he was one of the most popular sitting U.S. presidents while in office. After his death, a number of scandals were exposed that damaged his reputation
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| 70 | 1922 | - 6 Feb 1922—10 Feb 1939: Pope Pius XI
Ambrogio Damiano Achille Cardinal Ratti, born 31 May 1857 in Desio, Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, Austrian Empire
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| 71 | 1923 | - 2 Aug 1923—4 Mar 1929: Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge (born John Calvin Coolidge Jr. July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was the 30th president of the United States, serving from 1923 to 1929. A Republican lawyer from Massachusetts, he previously served as the 29th vice president from 1921 to 1923 under President Warren G. Harding, and as the 48th governor of Massachusetts from 1919 to 1921. Coolidge gained a reputation as a small-government conservative with a taciturn personality and dry sense of humor that earned him the nickname "Silent Cal".
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| 72 | 1927 | - 1927—1927: 1927 Montreal typhoid fever epidemic
Killed 538 residents of Montreal
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| 73 | 1929 | - 4 Mar 1929—4 Mar 1933: Herbert Hoover, US President
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st president of the United States, serving from 1929 to 1933. A wealthy mining engineer before his presidency, Hoover led the wartime Commission for Relief in Belgium and was the director of the U.S. Food Administration, followed by post-war relief of Europe. As a member of the Republican Party, he served as the third United States secretary of commerce from 1921 to 1928 before being elected president in 1928. His presidency was dominated by the Great Depression, and his policies and methods to combat it were seen as lackluster. Amid his unpopularity, he decisively lost reelection to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932.
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| 74 | 1933 | - 4 Mar 1933—12 Apr 1945: Franklin D. Roosevelt, US President
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), also known as FDR, was the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. He is the longest-serving U.S. president, and the only one to have served more than two terms. His first two terms were centered on combating the Great Depression, while his third and fourth saw him shift his focus to America's involvement in World War II.
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| 75 | 1939 | - 2 Mar 1939—9 Oct 1958: Pope Pius XII
Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Cardinal Pacelli, born 2 March 1876 Rome, Kingdom of Italy
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| 76 | 1945 | - 12 Apr 1945—20 Jan 1953: Harry S. Truman, US President
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. As the 34th vice president in 1945, he assumed the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt that year. Subsequently, Truman implemented the Marshall Plan in the aftermath of World War II to rebuild the economy of Western Europe, and established both the Truman Doctrine and NATO to contain the expansion of Soviet communism. A member of the Democratic Party, he proposed numerous New Deal coalition liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the conservative coalition that dominated the United States Congress.
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| 77 | 1953 | - 20 Jan 1953—20 Jan 1961: Dwight D. Eisenhower, US President
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank as General of the Army. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II: Operation Torch in the North Africa campaign in 1942–1943 and the invasion of Normandy in 1944.
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| 78 | 1958 | - 28 Oct 1958—3 Jun 1963: Pope John XXIII
Angelo Giuseppe Cardinal Roncalli, born 25 November 1881 in Sotto il Monte, Kingdom of Italy
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| 79 | 1961 | - 20 Jan 1961—22 Nov 1963: John F. Kennedy, US President
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), also known as JFK, was the 35th president of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He was the youngest person elected president at 43 years. Kennedy served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his foreign policy concerned relations with the Soviet Union and Cuba. A member of the Democratic Party, Kennedy represented Massachusetts in both houses of the United States Congress before his presidency.
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| 80 | 1963 | - 21 Jun 1963—6 Aug 1978: Pope Paul VI
Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Cardinal Montini, born 26 September 1897 in Concesio, Kingdom of Italy
- 22 Nov 1963—20 Jan 1969: Lyndon B. Johnson, US President
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973), also known as LBJ, was the 36th president of the United States, serving from 1963 to 1969. He became president after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, under whom he had served as the 37th vice president from 1961 to 1963. A Southern Democrat, Johnson previously represented Texas in Congress for over 23 years, first as a U.S. representative from 1937 to 1949, and then as a U.S. senator from 1949 to 1961.
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| 81 | 1969 | - 20 Jan 1969—9 Aug 1974: Richard M. Nixon, US President
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 until his resignation in 1974. A member of the Republican Party, he represented California in both houses of the United States Congress before serving as the 36th vice president under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961. His presidency saw the reduction of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, détente with the Soviet Union and China, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Nixon's second term ended early when he became the only U.S. president to resign from office, as a result of the Watergate scandal.
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| 82 | 1974 | - 9 Aug 1974—20 Jan 1977: Gerald Ford, US President
Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th president of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977. A member of the Republican Party, Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of President Richard Nixon, under whom he had served as the 40th vice president from 1973 to 1974 following Spiro Agnew's resignation. Prior to that, he served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1949 to 1973.
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| 83 | 1977 | - 20 Jan 1977—20 Jan 1981: Jimmy Carter, US President
James Earl Carter Jr. (October 1, 1924 – December 29, 2024) was the 39th president of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981. A member of the Democratic Party, Carter served from 1971 to 1975 as the 76th governor of Georgia and from 1963 to 1967 in the Georgia State Senate. He was the longest-lived president in U.S. history and the first to reach the age of 100.
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| 84 | 1978 | - 26 Aug 1978—28 Sep 1978: Pope John Paul
Albino Cardinal Luciani, born on 17 October 1912 in Forno di Canale, Kingdom of Italy
- 16 Oct 1978—2 Apr 2005: Pope John Paul II
Karol Józef Cardinal Wojtyła, born 18 May 1920 in Wadowice, Republic of Poland
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| 85 | 1981 | - 20 Jan 1981—20 Jan 1989: Ronald Reagan, US President
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the Republican Party, he became an important figure in the American conservative movement. The period encompassing his presidency is known as the Reagan era.
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| 86 | 1989 | - 20 Jan 1989—20 Jan 1993: George H. W. Bush, US President
George Herbert Walker Bush (June 12, 1924 – November 30, 2018) was the 41st president of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party, he also served as the 43rd vice president under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989 and previously in various other federal positions.
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| 87 | 1993 | - 20 Jan 1993—20 Jan 2001: Bill Clinton, US President
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979 and as the governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992. His centrist "Third Way" political philosophy became known as Clintonism, which dominated his presidency and the succeeding decades of Democratic Party history.
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| 88 | 2001 | - 20 Jan 2001—20 Jan 2009: George W. Bush, US President
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician, businessman, and former U.S. Air Force officer who was the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party and the eldest son of the 41st president, George H. W. Bush, he served as the 46th governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000.
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| 89 | 2005 | - 19 Apr 2005—28 Feb 2013: Pope Benedict XVI
Joseph Alois Cardinal Ratzinger, born 16 April 1927 in Marktl, Bavaria, German Reich.
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| 90 | 2009 | - 20 Jan 2009—20 Jan 2017: Barack Obama, US President
Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president. Obama previously served as a U.S. senator representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004.
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| 91 | 2013 | - 13 Mar 2013—21 Apr 2025: Pope Francis
Jorge Mario Cardinal Bergoglio, s.j., born 17 December 1936 in Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic.
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| 92 | 2017 | - 20 Jan 2017—20 Jan 2021: Donald Trump, US President
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party, he served as the 45th president from 2017 to 2021.
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| 93 | 2020 | - 1 Mar 2020—1 Jan 2023: COVID-19 Pandemic
Pandemic of SARS-type virus.
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| 94 | 2021 | - 20 Jan 2021—20 Jan 2025: Joe Biden, US President
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who served as the 46th president of the United States from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Democratic Party, he represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009 and also served as the 47th vice president under President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2017.
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